Pre competitive anxiety
Pre competitive anxiety is a state of arousal that is unpleasant or negative and occurs prior to competition.
Symptoms of Pre competitive anxiety
Muscle tension,
Butterflies,
Desire to urinate,
Cotton mouth
Self focused thoughts
Self defeating and negative thoughts
Sources of Pre competitive anxiety
1. It results form an imbalance between perceived capabilities and the demands of the sport environment.
2. Fear of failure
3. Feeling inadequacy (poor conditioning, UN prepared)
4. Loss of control
5. Guilt (concerns about hurting an opponent)
d
Recommendations for athletes.
1. become more aware of your optimal level at arousal.
Think of the times when you felt ready going into a competition and it worked for you
2. Focus on things that are within your control.
Payer should think about the performance but not worrying about factors that are beyond our control.
3. Use performance cues to develop or retrain your arousal level.
Practicing mental routines and practicing them until they become automatic.
Psychological manifestations of pre start states
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever •
high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. •
Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
Thursday, September 2, 2010
personality
Personality
Alport defines personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine the unique adjustment to his environment.
Personality is the sum of those characteristics that make a person unique.
Personality traits
cattell’s personality dimension include the source traits and surface traits
Surface traits:
These are based upon frequently occurring observed behavior.
These are interrelated group of behavior and manners observed to occur across various kinds of environmental settings
These are related elements of behavior
e.g.: dependability
Source traits:
These are underlying structure or sources that determine behavior.
E.g. Reserved, honesty
Systematic view of personality structure
1. Psychological core
It is a deepest component,
It includes attitudes and values, interest’s motives and beliefs about oneself.
One’s basic values might revolve around the importance of his or her family, friends, and religion.
2. Typical responses
These are the ways we each learn to adjust to the environment or how we usually respond to the world around us
e.g.: shy, tempered
3. Role related behavior
This is how one acts based on what he perceives his social situation.
This is most challengeable aspect of personality.
Behavior changes as your perceptions of the environment changes. Different situations require playing different roles.
Personality development &sports participation
Or
Athletic participation and personality changes.
Sports participation change the basic ways in which individuals behave &feels.
Personality changes in personality due to sports may be due to heightened social status and increase in self concept.
Sportsmen’s exposure to intense exercises may result in mood changes which may be reflected in personality (positive factors)
Sports men have to abide to certain norms and controlled situations which may help in developing personality in a particular direction.
Political importance and maturity involving patriotism (we feeling towards our country) and society aim to be fulfilled through sports activity.
Sports man has to face many conflicting problems and situations as chances for failure and success are equal. Personality development is enhanced if adjustment can be made to stride a balance.
Sports participation help in reducing frustrations and anxieties and aids in keeping mental equilibrium and achieve social recognition.
Sports activities help in channelizing energies discussing adolescent years and shaping the personality avoiding destructive tendencies.
Approaches to personality
Psychodynamic approach
Id: it is the biological root of the personality.
It contains primitive urges and desires.
It directs people to seek pleasure and avoid pain at all costs.
Ego:
Ego is the moderating component of personality.
It helps to engage in rational and logical thought.
It keeps the person in some kind of stable relationships with others.
Super ego:
The super ego enables the person to come up with moral values of society.
Trait approach:
Personality traits are enduring and consistent across a variety of situations. So that we tend to behave in the same way in most situations.
According to this theory, it is therefore possible to predict how a performer will behave and a profile of an individual can be developed to help coaches make predictions.
Traits are considered to predispose a person to act in a certain way, regardless of situation of circumstances.
e.g.: if an athlete is competitive he /she will be influenced to playing hard and giving all regardless of the situation or score.
The situational approach
This approach argues that behavior is determined by the situation or environment.
This approach holds that environment influences reinforces and shape the way one behaves.
e.g.: player may act confident in one situation. But tentative in another situation. if the influence of the environment is strong enough, the effect of personality traits will be minimal.
The interactional approach:
The interactional approach: this approach considers the situation and person co determinants of behavior.
In other words, knowing both an individual’s psychological traits and particular situation is helpful in understanding behavior.
e.g., a frustrated spectator at foot ball game controls his aggression in front of his mother,
Concept of athletic personality:
Coach must know the different personality types of athletes to use the varied approaches available to help different athletes.
I.e. form of communication, motivational techniques and teaching procedures as per the individual athletes.
Every athlete possesses some traits but these traits differ to person to person.
From personality point of view, an individual may respond to similar stimulus differently. In two different situations
No two individuals (athletes) would be alike and they may respond to same stimulus differently in the same situation.
Personality refers to what person actually is and that is appraised by a personality test or as perceived by others during interpersonal transactions in social life.
The goal of sports personality is to explain the role of personality of athletes in sport.
The study of personality helps the coaches, sports psychologists and others professionals to work better with athletes and exercisers.
Traits of athletes.
1. Drive
Athletes with drive desire to win or to be successful. They are competitive.
2.Determination:
Athletes with determination do not give up things easily
They practice long and hard to achieve his goals.
They spend much time working on his skills.
3. Intelligence:
Intelligent athlete can grasp things quickly.
4. Aggression:-
Athletes will try to rectify the mistakes through criticizing and arguing.
It is an important part of athletic success.
Athlete with aggression will be anxious.
5. Leadership:-
This characteristic likes to influence his teammates.
Athletes with Leadership make good decisions, plans and good goals.
Athletes are quite outspoken.
Organization:
Athletes effectively place things, able to plan and making structure, the organization quality is important for athlete.
7. Coachability
Athlete with coachability respects the coach, accepts his advice and training rules.
8. Emotionality:
Athletes with emotionality are matured, stable and controls his emotions.
9. Responsibility:
This enables an athlete to accept responsibility for his success and defects.
10. Sociablity:
Athlete with this trait accepts social norms ad values.
More conventional in nature.
11. Extroversion.
Extroverts are more outward.
They are interested in events, activities. Their response is faster
Their attention will be better during short sessions.
Introverts:-
These are more inward.
They tend to have less concern with other people.
Attention will be better during long session. They take time to respond.
Mental toughness.
These are self motivated
They are positive but realistic
They control emotions
They are calm and relaxed
Highly energetic
Determined
Mentally alert and focused.
And they are fully responsible for their failures and success.
Personality of athletes and non athletes.
Athletes who played team sports exhibited less abstract reasoning, more extroversion, more dependency, and less ego strength compared to non athletes.
Athletes who played individual sports displayed higher levels of objectivity, more independent, less anxiety, and less abstract thinking.
However athletes are more achievement – oriented, more dominant, and displayed low levels of anxiety. They are less compulsive and impulsive, having greater tolerance to pain and higher social adjustment than non athletes.
Female athletes vs. male athletes.
Females are more passive and dependent, and some are more aggressive, goal oriented, organized, and rule governed.
Male athletes were rated as more active, aggressive, competitive, dominating controlling, and public.
Mental health profile of athletes.
The most successful work on personality differences between successful and unsuccessful athlete has been conducted by Morgan.
Based on large body of research studying elite athletes, Morgan identified a personality profile of successful athletes. Successful athletes enjoy greater positive mental health Marked by low levels of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion, but high levels of vigor.
Diagram
Some sports psychologists believe that personality data can be predictive of athletic success.
While others believe that personality profiles can not be used to predict athletic success.
Case study:
The case study method is a form of qualitative analysis which involves observations of a social unit, be that unit a person, a family, an institution or a cultural group. Case study deals with processes that take place and their inter relationship. It helps to locate the factors that account for the behavior pattern of the given unit as an integrated totality.
Interview method:
The interview method involves presenting verbal stimuli and reply. The interviewer collects information personally from the sources concerned. In certain cases interviewer records the responses of a predetermined set of questions himself which is an interview schedule.
Structured interview:
It follows a rigid procedure asking questions in a form and prescribed.
Unstructured interviews:
It is more flexible in nature and is more useful in explanatory research studies.
Direct interview:
It is face to face contact. Interviewer initiates the interviewer.
Non direct interview:
The interviewer function is to encourage the respondent to talk about the given topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning
Alport defines personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine the unique adjustment to his environment.
Personality is the sum of those characteristics that make a person unique.
Personality traits
cattell’s personality dimension include the source traits and surface traits
Surface traits:
These are based upon frequently occurring observed behavior.
These are interrelated group of behavior and manners observed to occur across various kinds of environmental settings
These are related elements of behavior
e.g.: dependability
Source traits:
These are underlying structure or sources that determine behavior.
E.g. Reserved, honesty
Systematic view of personality structure
1. Psychological core
It is a deepest component,
It includes attitudes and values, interest’s motives and beliefs about oneself.
One’s basic values might revolve around the importance of his or her family, friends, and religion.
2. Typical responses
These are the ways we each learn to adjust to the environment or how we usually respond to the world around us
e.g.: shy, tempered
3. Role related behavior
This is how one acts based on what he perceives his social situation.
This is most challengeable aspect of personality.
Behavior changes as your perceptions of the environment changes. Different situations require playing different roles.
Personality development &sports participation
Or
Athletic participation and personality changes.
Sports participation change the basic ways in which individuals behave &feels.
Personality changes in personality due to sports may be due to heightened social status and increase in self concept.
Sportsmen’s exposure to intense exercises may result in mood changes which may be reflected in personality (positive factors)
Sports men have to abide to certain norms and controlled situations which may help in developing personality in a particular direction.
Political importance and maturity involving patriotism (we feeling towards our country) and society aim to be fulfilled through sports activity.
Sports man has to face many conflicting problems and situations as chances for failure and success are equal. Personality development is enhanced if adjustment can be made to stride a balance.
Sports participation help in reducing frustrations and anxieties and aids in keeping mental equilibrium and achieve social recognition.
Sports activities help in channelizing energies discussing adolescent years and shaping the personality avoiding destructive tendencies.
Approaches to personality
Psychodynamic approach
Id: it is the biological root of the personality.
It contains primitive urges and desires.
It directs people to seek pleasure and avoid pain at all costs.
Ego:
Ego is the moderating component of personality.
It helps to engage in rational and logical thought.
It keeps the person in some kind of stable relationships with others.
Super ego:
The super ego enables the person to come up with moral values of society.
Trait approach:
Personality traits are enduring and consistent across a variety of situations. So that we tend to behave in the same way in most situations.
According to this theory, it is therefore possible to predict how a performer will behave and a profile of an individual can be developed to help coaches make predictions.
Traits are considered to predispose a person to act in a certain way, regardless of situation of circumstances.
e.g.: if an athlete is competitive he /she will be influenced to playing hard and giving all regardless of the situation or score.
The situational approach
This approach argues that behavior is determined by the situation or environment.
This approach holds that environment influences reinforces and shape the way one behaves.
e.g.: player may act confident in one situation. But tentative in another situation. if the influence of the environment is strong enough, the effect of personality traits will be minimal.
The interactional approach:
The interactional approach: this approach considers the situation and person co determinants of behavior.
In other words, knowing both an individual’s psychological traits and particular situation is helpful in understanding behavior.
e.g., a frustrated spectator at foot ball game controls his aggression in front of his mother,
Concept of athletic personality:
Coach must know the different personality types of athletes to use the varied approaches available to help different athletes.
I.e. form of communication, motivational techniques and teaching procedures as per the individual athletes.
Every athlete possesses some traits but these traits differ to person to person.
From personality point of view, an individual may respond to similar stimulus differently. In two different situations
No two individuals (athletes) would be alike and they may respond to same stimulus differently in the same situation.
Personality refers to what person actually is and that is appraised by a personality test or as perceived by others during interpersonal transactions in social life.
The goal of sports personality is to explain the role of personality of athletes in sport.
The study of personality helps the coaches, sports psychologists and others professionals to work better with athletes and exercisers.
Traits of athletes.
1. Drive
Athletes with drive desire to win or to be successful. They are competitive.
2.Determination:
Athletes with determination do not give up things easily
They practice long and hard to achieve his goals.
They spend much time working on his skills.
3. Intelligence:
Intelligent athlete can grasp things quickly.
4. Aggression:-
Athletes will try to rectify the mistakes through criticizing and arguing.
It is an important part of athletic success.
Athlete with aggression will be anxious.
5. Leadership:-
This characteristic likes to influence his teammates.
Athletes with Leadership make good decisions, plans and good goals.
Athletes are quite outspoken.
Organization:
Athletes effectively place things, able to plan and making structure, the organization quality is important for athlete.
7. Coachability
Athlete with coachability respects the coach, accepts his advice and training rules.
8. Emotionality:
Athletes with emotionality are matured, stable and controls his emotions.
9. Responsibility:
This enables an athlete to accept responsibility for his success and defects.
10. Sociablity:
Athlete with this trait accepts social norms ad values.
More conventional in nature.
11. Extroversion.
Extroverts are more outward.
They are interested in events, activities. Their response is faster
Their attention will be better during short sessions.
Introverts:-
These are more inward.
They tend to have less concern with other people.
Attention will be better during long session. They take time to respond.
Mental toughness.
These are self motivated
They are positive but realistic
They control emotions
They are calm and relaxed
Highly energetic
Determined
Mentally alert and focused.
And they are fully responsible for their failures and success.
Personality of athletes and non athletes.
Athletes who played team sports exhibited less abstract reasoning, more extroversion, more dependency, and less ego strength compared to non athletes.
Athletes who played individual sports displayed higher levels of objectivity, more independent, less anxiety, and less abstract thinking.
However athletes are more achievement – oriented, more dominant, and displayed low levels of anxiety. They are less compulsive and impulsive, having greater tolerance to pain and higher social adjustment than non athletes.
Female athletes vs. male athletes.
Females are more passive and dependent, and some are more aggressive, goal oriented, organized, and rule governed.
Male athletes were rated as more active, aggressive, competitive, dominating controlling, and public.
Mental health profile of athletes.
The most successful work on personality differences between successful and unsuccessful athlete has been conducted by Morgan.
Based on large body of research studying elite athletes, Morgan identified a personality profile of successful athletes. Successful athletes enjoy greater positive mental health Marked by low levels of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion, but high levels of vigor.
Diagram
Some sports psychologists believe that personality data can be predictive of athletic success.
While others believe that personality profiles can not be used to predict athletic success.
Case study:
The case study method is a form of qualitative analysis which involves observations of a social unit, be that unit a person, a family, an institution or a cultural group. Case study deals with processes that take place and their inter relationship. It helps to locate the factors that account for the behavior pattern of the given unit as an integrated totality.
Interview method:
The interview method involves presenting verbal stimuli and reply. The interviewer collects information personally from the sources concerned. In certain cases interviewer records the responses of a predetermined set of questions himself which is an interview schedule.
Structured interview:
It follows a rigid procedure asking questions in a form and prescribed.
Unstructured interviews:
It is more flexible in nature and is more useful in explanatory research studies.
Direct interview:
It is face to face contact. Interviewer initiates the interviewer.
Non direct interview:
The interviewer function is to encourage the respondent to talk about the given topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning
precompetetive anxiety
Pre competitive anxiety
Pre competitive anxiety is a state of arousal that is unpleasant or negative and occurs prior to competition.
Symptoms of Pre competitive anxiety
Muscle tension,
Butterflies,
Desire to urinate,
Cotton mouth
Self focused thoughts
Self defeating and negative thoughts
Sources of Pre competitive anxiety
1. It results form an imbalance between perceived capabilities and the demands of the sport environment.
2. Fear of failure
3. Feeling inadequacy (poor conditioning, UN prepared)
4. Loss of control
5. Guilt (concerns about hurting an opponent)
d
Recommendations for athletes.
1. become more aware of your optimal level at arousal.
Think of the times when you felt ready going into a competition and it worked for you
2. Focus on things that are within your control.
Payer should think about the performance but not worrying about factors that are beyond our control.
3. Use performance cues to develop or retrain your arousal level.
Practicing mental routines and practicing them until they become automatic.
Pre competitive anxiety is a state of arousal that is unpleasant or negative and occurs prior to competition.
Symptoms of Pre competitive anxiety
Muscle tension,
Butterflies,
Desire to urinate,
Cotton mouth
Self focused thoughts
Self defeating and negative thoughts
Sources of Pre competitive anxiety
1. It results form an imbalance between perceived capabilities and the demands of the sport environment.
2. Fear of failure
3. Feeling inadequacy (poor conditioning, UN prepared)
4. Loss of control
5. Guilt (concerns about hurting an opponent)
d
Recommendations for athletes.
1. become more aware of your optimal level at arousal.
Think of the times when you felt ready going into a competition and it worked for you
2. Focus on things that are within your control.
Payer should think about the performance but not worrying about factors that are beyond our control.
3. Use performance cues to develop or retrain your arousal level.
Practicing mental routines and practicing them until they become automatic.
pre competetive states
Psychological manifestations of pre start states
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever • high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. • Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever • high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. • Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
pre competetive states
Psychological manifestations of pre start states
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever • high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. • Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever • high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. • Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
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