Memory vital
Memory is defined as the storage of information processing activity.
Information is picked up from the display by the receptors and held immediately for a fraction of a second in the short term sensory store.
This is a temporary and transient space.
It holds all the information from the display and begins to filter.
The stimulus is then passed on to the short term-memory, which is also called working memory.
Rehearsal of short term memory can be turned into a long term memory
Long term memory is a large storage system in which images of skills and practices from sport have been filed away, rather like the data files in a computer.
The information stored in it can last a lifetime.
e.g.: once you learned to swim, you never forget
Reaction, movement and response
Reaction time measures a performer’s ability to sense and interpret information before making a movement in sport, based on perceptual ability.
This shows us that reaction time is the time between the onsets of the stimulus to the onset of the response.
It is the processing of the stimulus before movement takes place.
E.g. At start of the race.
The reaction time is the period from hearing the gun until prior to leaving the blocks.
Movement time: it is the time from to the completion of the task.
Response time: it is from the onset the stimulus to the completion of task.
In sports the more the choices the performer has to make, the slower the response time will be.
Simple reaction time: In SRT performer needs to react to just one stimulus,
E.g. Responding to gun sound in 100mt race.
Choice reaction time: In CVRT performer has to choose from a number of points,
Midfield player in football deciding which player to pass.
Influences on reaction time and response time:
Reaction time is influenced by the following factors,
Age: so older performers tend to react more slowly.
Experienced players tend to react more quickly.
Gender: studies show that men react faster than women.
Performance enhancing drugs might affect reaction time.
The level of fitness affects reaction time
We tend to react more quickly to an intense stimulus,
e.g.: loud shout
Improving response time:
1. mental rehearsal
E.g. running through a performance in the mind without a movement.
2. Focus
3. Enhancing the fitness levels of the performer improves response time.
4. The ability to anticipate.
5. Studying your opponent on video his style of play and receiving feedback from coach helps the player to improve his reaction time.
6. Training methods improves the reaction time.
Thinking and anticipation
Thinking is one which occurs in experience when an organism (human) meets, recognizes and solves the problem.
Anticipation; when organism tries to foresee factors or expect before hand.
E.g. Anticipating pitch of the ball.
Thinking and anticipation includes analytic thinking before competition, during competition and after competition.
Different solutions may be available for different problems but the appropriate solution to be selected.
During stress situation, proper thinking may not be possible which may adversely affect the performance.
In sports, thinking can be in the following directions.
1. Preparatory thinking:
Analyzing your strengths, weaknesses and opponent’s strengths and weakness. Developing plans .
What is the problem?
How to solve the problem?
What are the ways to solve the problem?
Which is most appropriate to solve the problem?
If one way doest solve our problem we should look for alternative solution for the problem.
1. Actual thinking: practical aspects of the game.
E.g.: applying proper technique according to the situation. When to play defense and when to play attacking.
2. After thinking or reproductive thinking.
E.g.: analyzing the reasons for failure, success and rectifying the mistakes.
All the above factors aids in decision –making and anticipating matters.
Factors influencing cognitive process in sports
- Sense organs -anxiety - play fields
- Frustration -illumination
-Gender - mood -climate
-Illness/ injury etc - motivation - food
A person’s age is an important factor influencing the cognition.
The analysis and memory component is important in the decision making of the playing situations.
Sense organs and development its function aids in the information processing.
Any injury or illness of the players can be a very disturbing element affecting the attention and concentration.
To maintain the right levels of attention and concentration, the individual has to be in the positive mood with right levels of motivation and arousal.
When arousal is high, concentration narrows and becomes internally focused.
The athlete finds it difficult in listening to the coach’s instructions and gets confused.
The environmental factors include the play field facilities and the nature of the ground or the kind of illumination which players are used in training conditions and that of competitive conditions play a key role on cognitive functions.
The climate conditions of different competitive sites and the acclimatization to the same also influence the cognitive process of the players
Sunday, July 25, 2010
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
Monday, July 19, 2010
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTSPSYCHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
Definition of Sports Psychology:
The science, which studies behavior of an individual in sports environment or in physical activity setting.
Most people study sport and exercise psychology with following two objectives.
1. To understand how psychological factors affect an individual physical performance.
E.g. how does anxiety affect a basket ball player’s accuracy in free throw shooting?
2. To understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person’s psychological development, health and wellbeing.
E.g. does running reduce anxiety and depression?
Sports psychologists are particularly interested in the variation that occurs in the behavior of individuals in sports contexts.
This includes variation among different individuals who are placed in the same situation as well as variation in the behavior of the same individual across different situations.
Sport and exercise psychologists seek to understand and help elite athletes, children, persons who are physically and mentally disabled, average participants.
Sports psychology is viewed as a sub discipline of sport and exercise science.
Goals of Sports Psychology:
1. Describing the behavior
2. Explaining the behavior in sports context
3. Predicting the behavior
4. Controlling the behavior
Branches of psychology
1. school psychology
2. child psychology
3. criminal psychology
4. political psychology
5. industrial psychology
6. clinical psychology
7. military psychology
Branches of sports psychology
1).Experimental Sports Psychology:
We apply research methods to conduct research on sports.
2.) Applied Sports Psychology
A) Clinical sports psychology
Clinical sports psychologists are trained specifically in psychology to treat athletes with severe emotional problems.
E.g. Depression, Suicidal tendencies.
b). Educational sports psychology:
Educational sports psychologists receive training in sport science and related fields and serve as mental coaches.
Role of sports psychology specialists:
1. Consulting role :
Consulting with individual athletes or athletic teams to develop psychological skills for enhancing performance.
E.g. improving self confidence, concentration and managing anxiety.
Providing crisis intervention services.
2. Teaching role:
Sports psychology specialists teach such courses like exercise psychology, applied sports psychology, social psychology of sports, personality psychology and developmental psychology.
3. Research role:
Spots psychologists conduct research to advance the knowledge within sports field.
E.g. what motivates children to be involved in youth sports?
Sports psychologists share their findings with colleagues and participants in the field.
Short History of Sport Psychology
Triplett's did experiment on motor performance of cyclists.
He found cyclists perform better when they competing against others than alone.
He reasoned that the presence of others aroused a competitive drive in the cyclists.
Coleman Griffith in 1925 established an athletic research laboratory at university of Illinois.
He wrote the following two text books
1. psychology of coaching (1926) and
2. psychology of athletes (1928)
The international society of sports psychology formed (issp) in 1965.
1965:first world congress of sport psychology is held Rome
1967:first annual north American society for the psychology of sport and physical activity conference is held (naspspa)
1986:the applied scholarly journal
Short history of sports psychology in India
In 1950 Govt of India included physical education as co curricular subject at primary school level.
At the same time they recognized the importance of psychological studies of sports and coaching for physical education teachers.
Following national bodies have been formed by Indian sports science professionals.
• Sports psychology association of India (1985)
• National association of physical education and sports sciences (1992)
• Sports sciences research foundation (1993).
Methods of sports psychology
Study of behavior can be carried out through the following methods.
1. Introspection.
It is a self -observation in which one perceives, analyses, and report ones own feelings
Oldest method
Advantages
1. Simple
2. Low expensive
3. No need of laboratory equipment
4. Direct knowledge of the mental experiences of the individual
Limitations
1. Children can not introspect
2. Not scientific
2. Natural observation method/ systematic observation
Studying the behavior of one individual by another individual under the most natural conditions.
a) Participant observation
b) Non-participant observation
Advantages
1. More reliable
2. More scientific
Limitations
1. Time consuming
2. Possibility of observer bias
3. The experimental method
Studying behavior under laboratory conditions is called experimental method.
e.g., how intelligence effect your academic performance
Advantages:
1. the most scientific method
2. Easily replicable
Limitations
1. can not be used always
2. subjects in an experiment may not behave as they normally would behave in natural settings
4. Differential method. a research technique in which information is gathered from athletes through the using of surveys or questionnaires and Calculation of individual differences
5, Clinical method
It is applicable to any individual who suffers from psychological problems.
This method is aimed at seeking maximum adjustment and welfare of the disturbed people.
Adequate physical check up, Case history
Clinical interview, using psychological tests, diagnosing the problem and solving the problems are done through this method.
6. Physiological method: Using physical devices for measuring of psychological experiences e.g. ., Brightness and loudness
Definition of Sports Psychology:
The science, which studies behavior of an individual in sports environment or in physical activity setting.
Most people study sport and exercise psychology with following two objectives.
1. To understand how psychological factors affect an individual physical performance.
E.g. how does anxiety affect a basket ball player’s accuracy in free throw shooting?
2. To understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person’s psychological development, health and wellbeing.
E.g. does running reduce anxiety and depression?
Sports psychologists are particularly interested in the variation that occurs in the behavior of individuals in sports contexts.
This includes variation among different individuals who are placed in the same situation as well as variation in the behavior of the same individual across different situations.
Sport and exercise psychologists seek to understand and help elite athletes, children, persons who are physically and mentally disabled, average participants.
Sports psychology is viewed as a sub discipline of sport and exercise science.
Goals of Sports Psychology:
1. Describing the behavior
2. Explaining the behavior in sports context
3. Predicting the behavior
4. Controlling the behavior
Branches of psychology
1. school psychology
2. child psychology
3. criminal psychology
4. political psychology
5. industrial psychology
6. clinical psychology
7. military psychology
Branches of sports psychology
1).Experimental Sports Psychology:
We apply research methods to conduct research on sports.
2.) Applied Sports Psychology
A) Clinical sports psychology
Clinical sports psychologists are trained specifically in psychology to treat athletes with severe emotional problems.
E.g. Depression, Suicidal tendencies.
b). Educational sports psychology:
Educational sports psychologists receive training in sport science and related fields and serve as mental coaches.
Role of sports psychology specialists:
1. Consulting role :
Consulting with individual athletes or athletic teams to develop psychological skills for enhancing performance.
E.g. improving self confidence, concentration and managing anxiety.
Providing crisis intervention services.
2. Teaching role:
Sports psychology specialists teach such courses like exercise psychology, applied sports psychology, social psychology of sports, personality psychology and developmental psychology.
3. Research role:
Spots psychologists conduct research to advance the knowledge within sports field.
E.g. what motivates children to be involved in youth sports?
Sports psychologists share their findings with colleagues and participants in the field.
Short History of Sport Psychology
Triplett's did experiment on motor performance of cyclists.
He found cyclists perform better when they competing against others than alone.
He reasoned that the presence of others aroused a competitive drive in the cyclists.
Coleman Griffith in 1925 established an athletic research laboratory at university of Illinois.
He wrote the following two text books
1. psychology of coaching (1926) and
2. psychology of athletes (1928)
The international society of sports psychology formed (issp) in 1965.
1965:first world congress of sport psychology is held Rome
1967:first annual north American society for the psychology of sport and physical activity conference is held (naspspa)
1986:the applied scholarly journal
Short history of sports psychology in India
In 1950 Govt of India included physical education as co curricular subject at primary school level.
At the same time they recognized the importance of psychological studies of sports and coaching for physical education teachers.
Following national bodies have been formed by Indian sports science professionals.
• Sports psychology association of India (1985)
• National association of physical education and sports sciences (1992)
• Sports sciences research foundation (1993).
Methods of sports psychology
Study of behavior can be carried out through the following methods.
1. Introspection.
It is a self -observation in which one perceives, analyses, and report ones own feelings
Oldest method
Advantages
1. Simple
2. Low expensive
3. No need of laboratory equipment
4. Direct knowledge of the mental experiences of the individual
Limitations
1. Children can not introspect
2. Not scientific
2. Natural observation method/ systematic observation
Studying the behavior of one individual by another individual under the most natural conditions.
a) Participant observation
b) Non-participant observation
Advantages
1. More reliable
2. More scientific
Limitations
1. Time consuming
2. Possibility of observer bias
3. The experimental method
Studying behavior under laboratory conditions is called experimental method.
e.g., how intelligence effect your academic performance
Advantages:
1. the most scientific method
2. Easily replicable
Limitations
1. can not be used always
2. subjects in an experiment may not behave as they normally would behave in natural settings
4. Differential method. a research technique in which information is gathered from athletes through the using of surveys or questionnaires and Calculation of individual differences
5, Clinical method
It is applicable to any individual who suffers from psychological problems.
This method is aimed at seeking maximum adjustment and welfare of the disturbed people.
Adequate physical check up, Case history
Clinical interview, using psychological tests, diagnosing the problem and solving the problems are done through this method.
6. Physiological method: Using physical devices for measuring of psychological experiences e.g. ., Brightness and loudness
COGNITIVE PROCESS IN SPORTS
CHAPTER III
COGNITIVE PROCESS IN SPORTS
Cognition: It refers to processing information in the covert physic-psychological systems of the man.
Cognition involves all the process by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recollect, and used (neisser,1967)
It includes such complex mental activities as using thinking, remembering, conceptualizing, imagining, learning, and information processing.
Success of an athlete in the arena of competitive sports depends to a great extent on his or her cognitive functions.
For overpowering the rival in the hours of the contest, sports man requires correct goal setting, good decision making, and accurate perception, retention of motor – learning skills, and developing plans.
Sensation: the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the nervous system are called sensation.
e.g.: sportspersons receive information from the coach/game situation by means of sensory reception.
All our contact with other human beings is mediated by senses.
Information reaches the brain by the sensory receptors and neural pathway.
When we understand the stimuli it does not remain sensation, but changes into perception
Environment stimuli act upon the human nervous system and arouses responses.
After the stimulus is received in the sense organ it must be transmitted through the nervous system to brain where it is coded and categorized.
Information is received by means of sensory reception. There are four kinds of receptors
a)Extroceptor – (located near the surface of the skin)
Heat /cold/pressure.
b) interceptor- (located in the internal organ)-hunger
c) proprioceptor-(located in muscles and joints)
d) Distance receptor – (located in the eyes and ears)
Information about distance.
Perception: Perception is the process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world.
E.g. perceiving ball as ball.
When we attend to a stimulus, the sense impression will be interpreted by the respective sensory area of the cortex of the brain.
Brain organizes the transmitted sensory coded message into some meaningful pattern.
Perception includes receiving, organizing and processing of information.
Information is sorted out in the brain and becomes the foundation for decision making.
Athlete’s perception of the situation in the sport will determine the degree of the success.
Visual perception – judging the height (up-down) width (left –right) and distance (near-far) of object
Auditory perception –
Tactile perception:
Kinesthetic perception
Time perception –
Spatial perception –
Depth perception –
Stages of information processing
Input Output Decision making 
In the first stage, sensory input, involves selecting relevant information from the surroundings.
In the stage two, this information forms the basis of decision –making process .in stage three response will be selected.
After the response, feed back can be used to amend any incorrect movements.
Thewelford model
The display is the sporting environment from which information is selected.
e.g,court,umpire,crowd,and opposition
Sense organs pick up the required information from the display(from sports setting )
Seeing the flight of the ball.
proprioceptors help to provide the sense of balance, such as balance of the feet when preparing to perform particular skill, sense of touch,(feel of the rocket in the hand ) and sense of kinaesthesis(inner feeling of tension within the muscles and joints).
a decision on the appropriate response is made in the perceptual mechanisms.
once the decision taken on the appropriate action is made , Impulses are sent to the working muscles via network of nerves called the effector mechanisms.
On receiving an impulse, the muscles required to perform the movement begin to contract and repose ,
As this response is being performed, various forms of feedback can be used to detect and correct errors in the environment,
COGNITIVE PROCESS IN SPORTS
CHAPTER III
COGNITIVE PROCESS IN SPORTS
Cognition: It refers to processing information in the covert physic-psychological systems of the man.
Cognition involves all the process by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recollect, and used (neisser,1967)
It includes such complex mental activities as using thinking, remembering, conceptualizing, imagining, learning, and information processing.
Success of an athlete in the arena of competitive sports depends to a great extent on his or her cognitive functions.
For overpowering the rival in the hours of the contest, sports man requires correct goal setting, good decision making, and accurate perception, retention of motor – learning skills, and developing plans.
Sensation: the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the nervous system are called sensation.
e.g.: sportspersons receive information from the coach/game situation by means of sensory reception.
All our contact with other human beings is mediated by senses.
Information reaches the brain by the sensory receptors and neural pathway.
When we understand the stimuli it does not remain sensation, but changes into perception
Environment stimuli act upon the human nervous system and arouses responses.
After the stimulus is received in the sense organ it must be transmitted through the nervous system to brain where it is coded and categorized.
Information is received by means of sensory reception. There are four kinds of receptors
a)Extroceptor – (located near the surface of the skin)
Heat /cold/pressure.
b) interceptor- (located in the internal organ)-hunger
c) proprioceptor-(located in muscles and joints)
d) Distance receptor – (located in the eyes and ears)
Information about distance.
Perception: Perception is the process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world.
E.g. perceiving ball as ball.
When we attend to a stimulus, the sense impression will be interpreted by the respective sensory area of the cortex of the brain.
Brain organizes the transmitted sensory coded message into some meaningful pattern.
Perception includes receiving, organizing and processing of information.
Information is sorted out in the brain and becomes the foundation for decision making.
Athlete’s perception of the situation in the sport will determine the degree of the success.
Visual perception – judging the height (up-down) width (left –right) and distance (near-far) of object
Auditory perception –
Tactile perception:
Kinesthetic perception
Time perception –
Spatial perception –
Depth perception –
Stages of information processing
Input Output Decision making
In the first stage, sensory input, involves selecting relevant information from the surroundings.
In the stage two, this information forms the basis of decision –making process .in stage three response will be selected.
After the response, feed back can be used to amend any incorrect movements.
Thewelford model
The display is the sporting environment from which information is selected.
e.g,court,umpire,crowd,and opposition
Sense organs pick up the required information from the display(from sports setting )
Seeing the flight of the ball.
proprioceptors help to provide the sense of balance, such as balance of the feet when preparing to perform particular skill, sense of touch,(feel of the rocket in the hand ) and sense of kinaesthesis(inner feeling of tension within the muscles and joints).
a decision on the appropriate response is made in the perceptual mechanisms.
once the decision taken on the appropriate action is made , Impulses are sent to the working muscles via network of nerves called the effector mechanisms.
On receiving an impulse, the muscles required to perform the movement begin to contract and repose ,
As this response is being performed, various forms of feedback can be used to detect and correct errors in the environment,
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