Psychological manifestations of pre start states
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever • high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. • Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
Thursday, September 2, 2010
pre competetive states
Psychological manifestations of pre start states
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever • high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. • Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
Pre start states are influenced by various factors both inside and outside of athletics’ personality. The different pre start states are
A) Competitive readiness
b) Pre starts fever.
c) Pre starts apathy.
Optimal emotional stimulation is accompanied by positive emotions that aid performance. The positive pre start state is the competitive readiness and negative pre start state is pre start fever and pre start apathy.
This figure shows that as the competition approaches the arousal level increases and it reaches an optimum level where good results can be expected. This state is the competitive readiness state. The next state called the pre start fever. A few sports persons may still give good performance in this state. If the arousal further increases the psychic state falls deep into pit called pre start apathy. The psychological characteristics manifestations in sports are shown here.
Diagram
pre start state
Psychological characteristics
Optimal competitive readiness • optimal activity
• Looking forward to competition
• Positive emotion
• Self confidence
• Optimum concentration able to improve performance
Pre start fever • high nervousness
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfulness
• Emotional Instability
• Unmotivated haste
• Fear of opponents
Pre start apathy. • Diminished perception
• Disturbed thought and concentration.
• Mental sluggishness
• Aversion to competition.
Monday, August 16, 2010
emotion
Chapter II
Emotions in sports
Definition: Emotion is defined as a reaction to a stimulus event (either actual or imagined)
e.g. child tries to run away when sees the bull coming towards him.
Feeling nervous by imagining about competition
It is a disturbed muscular activity.
Role of emotions in sports
Emotions are driving forces of life.
The emotions are important in social interaction and in forming social connections.
Learning how to manage our emotions is an important skill that we continually develop throughout our lives.
Problems arise when emotions persist for longer than normal periods.
Various functions like thinking, reasoning, perception, learning, and memory are all determined by emotions.
The failure and achievement are all directed by emotions.
When a sports person is overpowered by strong emotions of fear, he fails to discriminate the right and the wrong.
Types of emotions
Positive emotions Negative emotions
Joy sorrow
Happiness fear
Love jealousy
Determination frustration
Enthusiasm anger
Interest boredom
And fear
Anxiety
1. stress and anxiety
Stress
It is defined as the non specific response of the body to any demand made upon it (Hans selye 1975)
Stress occurs when you are not able to meet environmental demands.
e.g.: over training
Types of stress
1. Eu stress (positive stress)
Joy
Happiness
Pleasant
2. Distress (negative stress )
Fear
Worry
Apprehension
Anxiety
Consequences of stress:
Chronic stress leads to general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
These are the profound physiological changes in the endocrine and other organ systems resulting from stress.
1. Alarm stage :
This phase consists of bodily changes that occur with emotional responses – eg:increasing heart beat, increased pulse rate, poor functioning of bodily organs .
2. Resistance stage:
During this stage a human recovers from the emotional alarm reaction and attempts to cope with situation.
3. Exhaustion stage:
However stresses of diseases, exposure, or injury can often result in exhaustion and organism will die unless treated.
Anxiety:
It is a negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension.
Types of anxiety
State anxiety:
It is characterized by apprehension, fear and tension accompanied by physiological arousal. It is a situational anxiety.
a) cognitive state anxiety: it is the thought component of anxiety
b) somatic state anxiety : It is bodily related anxiety
Trait anxiety: it is the part of the personality. Perceiving a wide variety of situations as being threatening or dangerous and to respond to those situations with state anxiety.
Relationship between Trait Anxiety and State Anxiety
Research shows that those who score high on trait anxiety measures also experience more state anxiety
Individual fact
What triggers anxiety?
Athlete anxiety triggers from the fear of failure, fear of success, fear of injuries, rejection by the coach, fans, family and significant others .
How does increased anxiety affect the athlete ?
Chronic feelings of fear and anxiety result in psychosomatic illness
Migraine headache,
Gastrointestinal problems
Body pains.
Increased heart rate
Increased blood pleasure
Increased sweating,
Increased respiration,
Increased muscle tension.
Psychological changes associated with increased stress and anxiety
Inability to take decisions,
Feeling confused,
Inability to concentrate,
Not feeling control.
Behavioral changes associated with increased anxiety and stress
Rapid talking,
Nail biting,
Foot tapping,
Muscle twitching,
Pacing scowling,
Increased blinking,
Yawning,
Broken voices,
Measuring anxiety
There are many psychological and physiological ways to measure anxiety.
Physiological measures
1. Galvanic skin response: it measures the electrical activity in the arterioles and veinules
2. (Electro cardiogram) ECG: It measures the electrical activity of the heart beat
3.(Electro encephalogram) EEg: it measures the record of electrical current developed by the cerebral cortex.
4.electro myogram (emg) it measures the electrical activity of the muscle
5. Sphygmomanometer (BP): it measures arterial blood pressure
Psychological measures:
people rate their anxiety with series of statements.
E.g., anxiety questionnaires
stress management
Three ways to manage stress and anxiety
I. Environmental engineering
1. Reducing uncertainty
E.g. let the players know well in advance of the game situations
2: Decrease importance
Eg: Ask parents to discontinue the practice if player faces more anxiety in practice in presence of the parents.
II. Cognitive stress management techniques :
Imagery relaxation
self directed relaxation
progressive realxation
Awareness of negative thinking
Rational thinking
Smart talk
Stress inoculation training
Autogenic training
III.Somatic stress mangament
Self directed relaxation technique
Progressive relaxation technique
Biofeedback relaxation
Breath control
Emotions in sports
Definition: Emotion is defined as a reaction to a stimulus event (either actual or imagined)
e.g. child tries to run away when sees the bull coming towards him.
Feeling nervous by imagining about competition
It is a disturbed muscular activity.
Role of emotions in sports
Emotions are driving forces of life.
The emotions are important in social interaction and in forming social connections.
Learning how to manage our emotions is an important skill that we continually develop throughout our lives.
Problems arise when emotions persist for longer than normal periods.
Various functions like thinking, reasoning, perception, learning, and memory are all determined by emotions.
The failure and achievement are all directed by emotions.
When a sports person is overpowered by strong emotions of fear, he fails to discriminate the right and the wrong.
Types of emotions
Positive emotions Negative emotions
Joy sorrow
Happiness fear
Love jealousy
Determination frustration
Enthusiasm anger
Interest boredom
And fear
Anxiety
1. stress and anxiety
Stress
It is defined as the non specific response of the body to any demand made upon it (Hans selye 1975)
Stress occurs when you are not able to meet environmental demands.
e.g.: over training
Types of stress
1. Eu stress (positive stress)
Joy
Happiness
Pleasant
2. Distress (negative stress )
Fear
Worry
Apprehension
Anxiety
Consequences of stress:
Chronic stress leads to general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
These are the profound physiological changes in the endocrine and other organ systems resulting from stress.
1. Alarm stage :
This phase consists of bodily changes that occur with emotional responses – eg:increasing heart beat, increased pulse rate, poor functioning of bodily organs .
2. Resistance stage:
During this stage a human recovers from the emotional alarm reaction and attempts to cope with situation.
3. Exhaustion stage:
However stresses of diseases, exposure, or injury can often result in exhaustion and organism will die unless treated.
Anxiety:
It is a negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension.
Types of anxiety
State anxiety:
It is characterized by apprehension, fear and tension accompanied by physiological arousal. It is a situational anxiety.
a) cognitive state anxiety: it is the thought component of anxiety
b) somatic state anxiety : It is bodily related anxiety
Trait anxiety: it is the part of the personality. Perceiving a wide variety of situations as being threatening or dangerous and to respond to those situations with state anxiety.
Relationship between Trait Anxiety and State Anxiety
Research shows that those who score high on trait anxiety measures also experience more state anxiety
Individual fact
What triggers anxiety?
Athlete anxiety triggers from the fear of failure, fear of success, fear of injuries, rejection by the coach, fans, family and significant others .
How does increased anxiety affect the athlete ?
Chronic feelings of fear and anxiety result in psychosomatic illness
Migraine headache,
Gastrointestinal problems
Body pains.
Increased heart rate
Increased blood pleasure
Increased sweating,
Increased respiration,
Increased muscle tension.
Psychological changes associated with increased stress and anxiety
Inability to take decisions,
Feeling confused,
Inability to concentrate,
Not feeling control.
Behavioral changes associated with increased anxiety and stress
Rapid talking,
Nail biting,
Foot tapping,
Muscle twitching,
Pacing scowling,
Increased blinking,
Yawning,
Broken voices,
Measuring anxiety
There are many psychological and physiological ways to measure anxiety.
Physiological measures
1. Galvanic skin response: it measures the electrical activity in the arterioles and veinules
2. (Electro cardiogram) ECG: It measures the electrical activity of the heart beat
3.(Electro encephalogram) EEg: it measures the record of electrical current developed by the cerebral cortex.
4.electro myogram (emg) it measures the electrical activity of the muscle
5. Sphygmomanometer (BP): it measures arterial blood pressure
Psychological measures:
people rate their anxiety with series of statements.
E.g., anxiety questionnaires
stress management
Three ways to manage stress and anxiety
I. Environmental engineering
1. Reducing uncertainty
E.g. let the players know well in advance of the game situations
2: Decrease importance
Eg: Ask parents to discontinue the practice if player faces more anxiety in practice in presence of the parents.
II. Cognitive stress management techniques :
Imagery relaxation
self directed relaxation
progressive realxation
Awareness of negative thinking
Rational thinking
Smart talk
Stress inoculation training
Autogenic training
III.Somatic stress mangament
Self directed relaxation technique
Progressive relaxation technique
Biofeedback relaxation
Breath control
Monday, August 2, 2010
attention
Attention and concentration:
Attention: Attention is the mental process where by athletes direct and maintains awareness of stimuli detected by their senses.
Dimensions of the attention (Types of attention):
Neideffer identified four types of antinational focus.
Broad
Internal external
Narrow
Broad external attentional focus: used to rapidly assess a situation .
E g: a soccer player rapidly assess the position of the defensive team.
Broad internal attentional focus.
Used to analyze and plan.
E.g. developing game plan.
Narrow external attentional focus:
Used to focus exclusively on one or two external cues externally.
E.g. the ball or position of opponent.
Narrow internal attentional focus:
Used to mentally rehearse an upcoming performance or control an emotional state.
E.g. mentally rehearse tennis swing or taking a breath to relax.
Guidelines for improving attention:
1. The attentional demands for each specific
Skill in your sport should be analyzed by you and
Athletes.
2. When attention is focused externally teach athletes what cues should be attended.
3. When attention is focused internally attend to positive thoughts.
4. Attend to the present and immediate forthcoming action.
Concentration:
Focusing on the relevant cues in the environment, maintaining that attentional focus overtime, having awareness of the changing situations, and shifting attentional focus when necessary. (Weinberg, 1999)
1. Focusing on the relevant cues:
Selecting relevant cues and focusing and disregarding or eliminating irrelevant cues.
2. Maintaining that focus overtime:
Maintaining attentional focus for the duration of the competition or practice.
3.Having aware of the changing situations
An athlete’s Ability to understand what is going on around him or her is known as situational awareness.
This ability allows players to size up the game situations, opponents, and competition.
4.Shifting the attentional
Often it is necessary to shift attentional focus during an event demanded by the situation.
Concentration and sport performance
Athletes and coaches certainly recognize the importance of proper attentional focus in achieving high levels of performance.
Successful athletes maintain a more task oriented focus and are less likely to become distracted by irrelevant stimuli.
Peak performers have developed exceptional concentration. They get absorbed in present and having
Attentional problems
1.internal distracters
Our thoughts, worries, and concerns are the internal distracters.
These worries and irrelevant thoughts can cause performers to lose concentration and develop an inappropriate focus of attention.
Attending to past events
Focusing on the past events has been the downfall of many talented athletes, as looking backward prevents them from focusing on the present.
Attending to events
Athletes engage in a form of worrying or thinking about the outcome of the event rather than what they need to do now to be successful also prevents them from focusing on game.
Choking under pressure
Emotional factors such as the pressure of competition often play a critical role in creating internal sources of distraction.
Conditions leading to choking:
• important competition
• critical plays in a competition.
• evaluation by coaches, peers, and parents
Physical changes due to pressure of competition.
• increased muscle tension
• increased breathing rate
• racing heart rate.
Attentional problems due to pressure of competition
• internal focus
• narrow focus
• reduced flexibility
Performance impairment due to pressure of competition
• timings and coordination breaks down
• muscle tight ness and fatigue
• rushing
• Inability to attend to task relevant cues.
Overanalyzing body mechanics
The more analyze, the more likely you are to break the natural, smooth movement’s characteristics of high levels of performance.
Fatigue
When player gets tired, his loses concentration .this results in impaired decision making, lack of focus and intensity, and other mental breakdowns. This is why conditioning and fitness are so important.
Inadequate motivation.
If an individual is not motivated, it is difficult to maintain concentration, as the mind is likely to wanders.
External distracters.
1. Visual distracters
Spectators can cause a visual distraction and may affect some people’s concentration and subsequent performance by making them try too hard.
Score board and television cameras also causes attentional problems.
2. Auditory distracters:
Common distracters include crowd noise, airplanes flying overhead, mobile telephones, announcements on the public address system, beepers and other electronic paging devices. Loud conversations among spectators.
3. Gamesmanship
In many sports situations, competitors ploys in an effort to disrupt the concentration of their opponents; this is typically referred to as gamesmanship.
Tips for improving concentration on site
1. Use simulation in practice
Players will be physically and psychologically prepared for this pressure situation in the game. This type of practice is known as simulation training.
Practicing with distractions can help develop focus.
Cue words
Cue words are used to trigger a particular response and are really a form of self talk.
Simple and let them automatically trigger the desired response.
e .g: strong , move , relax
Employ non judgmental thinking:
Player, instead of judging the worth of a performance and categorizing it as either good or bad. payer should learn to look at your actions nonjudgmentally .
Establish routines:
Routines can focus concentration and can be extremely helpful to mental preparation for an upcoming performance.
e.g.: a tennis player during changeovers might sit in a chair, take a deep breath, and image what she wants to do in the next game.
Routines can be used before or during an event to focus attention, reduce anxiety, and enhance confidence.
Developing competition plan
Establishing precompetition and competition plans to help maintain their attentional focus .
These plans help athletes not only prepare for their events but also prepare for what they would do in different circumstances, both before and during competition.
Practice eye control
Eye control is still another method to focus concentration. Fixing eyes only on the task is the key to control our eyes not to wander to irrelevant cues.
Attention: Attention is the mental process where by athletes direct and maintains awareness of stimuli detected by their senses.
Dimensions of the attention (Types of attention):
Neideffer identified four types of antinational focus.
Broad
Internal external
Narrow
Broad external attentional focus: used to rapidly assess a situation .
E g: a soccer player rapidly assess the position of the defensive team.
Broad internal attentional focus.
Used to analyze and plan.
E.g. developing game plan.
Narrow external attentional focus:
Used to focus exclusively on one or two external cues externally.
E.g. the ball or position of opponent.
Narrow internal attentional focus:
Used to mentally rehearse an upcoming performance or control an emotional state.
E.g. mentally rehearse tennis swing or taking a breath to relax.
Guidelines for improving attention:
1. The attentional demands for each specific
Skill in your sport should be analyzed by you and
Athletes.
2. When attention is focused externally teach athletes what cues should be attended.
3. When attention is focused internally attend to positive thoughts.
4. Attend to the present and immediate forthcoming action.
Concentration:
Focusing on the relevant cues in the environment, maintaining that attentional focus overtime, having awareness of the changing situations, and shifting attentional focus when necessary. (Weinberg, 1999)
1. Focusing on the relevant cues:
Selecting relevant cues and focusing and disregarding or eliminating irrelevant cues.
2. Maintaining that focus overtime:
Maintaining attentional focus for the duration of the competition or practice.
3.Having aware of the changing situations
An athlete’s Ability to understand what is going on around him or her is known as situational awareness.
This ability allows players to size up the game situations, opponents, and competition.
4.Shifting the attentional
Often it is necessary to shift attentional focus during an event demanded by the situation.
Concentration and sport performance
Athletes and coaches certainly recognize the importance of proper attentional focus in achieving high levels of performance.
Successful athletes maintain a more task oriented focus and are less likely to become distracted by irrelevant stimuli.
Peak performers have developed exceptional concentration. They get absorbed in present and having
Attentional problems
1.internal distracters
Our thoughts, worries, and concerns are the internal distracters.
These worries and irrelevant thoughts can cause performers to lose concentration and develop an inappropriate focus of attention.
Attending to past events
Focusing on the past events has been the downfall of many talented athletes, as looking backward prevents them from focusing on the present.
Attending to events
Athletes engage in a form of worrying or thinking about the outcome of the event rather than what they need to do now to be successful also prevents them from focusing on game.
Choking under pressure
Emotional factors such as the pressure of competition often play a critical role in creating internal sources of distraction.
Conditions leading to choking:
• important competition
• critical plays in a competition.
• evaluation by coaches, peers, and parents
Physical changes due to pressure of competition.
• increased muscle tension
• increased breathing rate
• racing heart rate.
Attentional problems due to pressure of competition
• internal focus
• narrow focus
• reduced flexibility
Performance impairment due to pressure of competition
• timings and coordination breaks down
• muscle tight ness and fatigue
• rushing
• Inability to attend to task relevant cues.
Overanalyzing body mechanics
The more analyze, the more likely you are to break the natural, smooth movement’s characteristics of high levels of performance.
Fatigue
When player gets tired, his loses concentration .this results in impaired decision making, lack of focus and intensity, and other mental breakdowns. This is why conditioning and fitness are so important.
Inadequate motivation.
If an individual is not motivated, it is difficult to maintain concentration, as the mind is likely to wanders.
External distracters.
1. Visual distracters
Spectators can cause a visual distraction and may affect some people’s concentration and subsequent performance by making them try too hard.
Score board and television cameras also causes attentional problems.
2. Auditory distracters:
Common distracters include crowd noise, airplanes flying overhead, mobile telephones, announcements on the public address system, beepers and other electronic paging devices. Loud conversations among spectators.
3. Gamesmanship
In many sports situations, competitors ploys in an effort to disrupt the concentration of their opponents; this is typically referred to as gamesmanship.
Tips for improving concentration on site
1. Use simulation in practice
Players will be physically and psychologically prepared for this pressure situation in the game. This type of practice is known as simulation training.
Practicing with distractions can help develop focus.
Cue words
Cue words are used to trigger a particular response and are really a form of self talk.
Simple and let them automatically trigger the desired response.
e .g: strong , move , relax
Employ non judgmental thinking:
Player, instead of judging the worth of a performance and categorizing it as either good or bad. payer should learn to look at your actions nonjudgmentally .
Establish routines:
Routines can focus concentration and can be extremely helpful to mental preparation for an upcoming performance.
e.g.: a tennis player during changeovers might sit in a chair, take a deep breath, and image what she wants to do in the next game.
Routines can be used before or during an event to focus attention, reduce anxiety, and enhance confidence.
Developing competition plan
Establishing precompetition and competition plans to help maintain their attentional focus .
These plans help athletes not only prepare for their events but also prepare for what they would do in different circumstances, both before and during competition.
Practice eye control
Eye control is still another method to focus concentration. Fixing eyes only on the task is the key to control our eyes not to wander to irrelevant cues.
Sunday, July 25, 2010
memory
Memory vital
Memory is defined as the storage of information processing activity.
Information is picked up from the display by the receptors and held immediately for a fraction of a second in the short term sensory store.
This is a temporary and transient space.
It holds all the information from the display and begins to filter.
The stimulus is then passed on to the short term-memory, which is also called working memory.
Rehearsal of short term memory can be turned into a long term memory
Long term memory is a large storage system in which images of skills and practices from sport have been filed away, rather like the data files in a computer.
The information stored in it can last a lifetime.
e.g.: once you learned to swim, you never forget
Reaction, movement and response
Reaction time measures a performer’s ability to sense and interpret information before making a movement in sport, based on perceptual ability.
This shows us that reaction time is the time between the onsets of the stimulus to the onset of the response.
It is the processing of the stimulus before movement takes place.
E.g. At start of the race.
The reaction time is the period from hearing the gun until prior to leaving the blocks.
Movement time: it is the time from to the completion of the task.
Response time: it is from the onset the stimulus to the completion of task.
In sports the more the choices the performer has to make, the slower the response time will be.
Simple reaction time: In SRT performer needs to react to just one stimulus,
E.g. Responding to gun sound in 100mt race.
Choice reaction time: In CVRT performer has to choose from a number of points,
Midfield player in football deciding which player to pass.
Influences on reaction time and response time:
Reaction time is influenced by the following factors,
Age: so older performers tend to react more slowly.
Experienced players tend to react more quickly.
Gender: studies show that men react faster than women.
Performance enhancing drugs might affect reaction time.
The level of fitness affects reaction time
We tend to react more quickly to an intense stimulus,
e.g.: loud shout
Improving response time:
1. mental rehearsal
E.g. running through a performance in the mind without a movement.
2. Focus
3. Enhancing the fitness levels of the performer improves response time.
4. The ability to anticipate.
5. Studying your opponent on video his style of play and receiving feedback from coach helps the player to improve his reaction time.
6. Training methods improves the reaction time.
Thinking and anticipation
Thinking is one which occurs in experience when an organism (human) meets, recognizes and solves the problem.
Anticipation; when organism tries to foresee factors or expect before hand.
E.g. Anticipating pitch of the ball.
Thinking and anticipation includes analytic thinking before competition, during competition and after competition.
Different solutions may be available for different problems but the appropriate solution to be selected.
During stress situation, proper thinking may not be possible which may adversely affect the performance.
In sports, thinking can be in the following directions.
1. Preparatory thinking:
Analyzing your strengths, weaknesses and opponent’s strengths and weakness. Developing plans .
What is the problem?
How to solve the problem?
What are the ways to solve the problem?
Which is most appropriate to solve the problem?
If one way doest solve our problem we should look for alternative solution for the problem.
1. Actual thinking: practical aspects of the game.
E.g.: applying proper technique according to the situation. When to play defense and when to play attacking.
2. After thinking or reproductive thinking.
E.g.: analyzing the reasons for failure, success and rectifying the mistakes.
All the above factors aids in decision –making and anticipating matters.
Factors influencing cognitive process in sports
- Sense organs -anxiety - play fields
- Frustration -illumination
-Gender - mood -climate
-Illness/ injury etc - motivation - food
A person’s age is an important factor influencing the cognition.
The analysis and memory component is important in the decision making of the playing situations.
Sense organs and development its function aids in the information processing.
Any injury or illness of the players can be a very disturbing element affecting the attention and concentration.
To maintain the right levels of attention and concentration, the individual has to be in the positive mood with right levels of motivation and arousal.
When arousal is high, concentration narrows and becomes internally focused.
The athlete finds it difficult in listening to the coach’s instructions and gets confused.
The environmental factors include the play field facilities and the nature of the ground or the kind of illumination which players are used in training conditions and that of competitive conditions play a key role on cognitive functions.
The climate conditions of different competitive sites and the acclimatization to the same also influence the cognitive process of the players
Memory is defined as the storage of information processing activity.
Information is picked up from the display by the receptors and held immediately for a fraction of a second in the short term sensory store.
This is a temporary and transient space.
It holds all the information from the display and begins to filter.
The stimulus is then passed on to the short term-memory, which is also called working memory.
Rehearsal of short term memory can be turned into a long term memory
Long term memory is a large storage system in which images of skills and practices from sport have been filed away, rather like the data files in a computer.
The information stored in it can last a lifetime.
e.g.: once you learned to swim, you never forget
Reaction, movement and response
Reaction time measures a performer’s ability to sense and interpret information before making a movement in sport, based on perceptual ability.
This shows us that reaction time is the time between the onsets of the stimulus to the onset of the response.
It is the processing of the stimulus before movement takes place.
E.g. At start of the race.
The reaction time is the period from hearing the gun until prior to leaving the blocks.
Movement time: it is the time from to the completion of the task.
Response time: it is from the onset the stimulus to the completion of task.
In sports the more the choices the performer has to make, the slower the response time will be.
Simple reaction time: In SRT performer needs to react to just one stimulus,
E.g. Responding to gun sound in 100mt race.
Choice reaction time: In CVRT performer has to choose from a number of points,
Midfield player in football deciding which player to pass.
Influences on reaction time and response time:
Reaction time is influenced by the following factors,
Age: so older performers tend to react more slowly.
Experienced players tend to react more quickly.
Gender: studies show that men react faster than women.
Performance enhancing drugs might affect reaction time.
The level of fitness affects reaction time
We tend to react more quickly to an intense stimulus,
e.g.: loud shout
Improving response time:
1. mental rehearsal
E.g. running through a performance in the mind without a movement.
2. Focus
3. Enhancing the fitness levels of the performer improves response time.
4. The ability to anticipate.
5. Studying your opponent on video his style of play and receiving feedback from coach helps the player to improve his reaction time.
6. Training methods improves the reaction time.
Thinking and anticipation
Thinking is one which occurs in experience when an organism (human) meets, recognizes and solves the problem.
Anticipation; when organism tries to foresee factors or expect before hand.
E.g. Anticipating pitch of the ball.
Thinking and anticipation includes analytic thinking before competition, during competition and after competition.
Different solutions may be available for different problems but the appropriate solution to be selected.
During stress situation, proper thinking may not be possible which may adversely affect the performance.
In sports, thinking can be in the following directions.
1. Preparatory thinking:
Analyzing your strengths, weaknesses and opponent’s strengths and weakness. Developing plans .
What is the problem?
How to solve the problem?
What are the ways to solve the problem?
Which is most appropriate to solve the problem?
If one way doest solve our problem we should look for alternative solution for the problem.
1. Actual thinking: practical aspects of the game.
E.g.: applying proper technique according to the situation. When to play defense and when to play attacking.
2. After thinking or reproductive thinking.
E.g.: analyzing the reasons for failure, success and rectifying the mistakes.
All the above factors aids in decision –making and anticipating matters.
Factors influencing cognitive process in sports
- Sense organs -anxiety - play fields
- Frustration -illumination
-Gender - mood -climate
-Illness/ injury etc - motivation - food
A person’s age is an important factor influencing the cognition.
The analysis and memory component is important in the decision making of the playing situations.
Sense organs and development its function aids in the information processing.
Any injury or illness of the players can be a very disturbing element affecting the attention and concentration.
To maintain the right levels of attention and concentration, the individual has to be in the positive mood with right levels of motivation and arousal.
When arousal is high, concentration narrows and becomes internally focused.
The athlete finds it difficult in listening to the coach’s instructions and gets confused.
The environmental factors include the play field facilities and the nature of the ground or the kind of illumination which players are used in training conditions and that of competitive conditions play a key role on cognitive functions.
The climate conditions of different competitive sites and the acclimatization to the same also influence the cognitive process of the players
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
Monday, July 19, 2010
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTSPSYCHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
Definition of Sports Psychology:
The science, which studies behavior of an individual in sports environment or in physical activity setting.
Most people study sport and exercise psychology with following two objectives.
1. To understand how psychological factors affect an individual physical performance.
E.g. how does anxiety affect a basket ball player’s accuracy in free throw shooting?
2. To understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person’s psychological development, health and wellbeing.
E.g. does running reduce anxiety and depression?
Sports psychologists are particularly interested in the variation that occurs in the behavior of individuals in sports contexts.
This includes variation among different individuals who are placed in the same situation as well as variation in the behavior of the same individual across different situations.
Sport and exercise psychologists seek to understand and help elite athletes, children, persons who are physically and mentally disabled, average participants.
Sports psychology is viewed as a sub discipline of sport and exercise science.
Goals of Sports Psychology:
1. Describing the behavior
2. Explaining the behavior in sports context
3. Predicting the behavior
4. Controlling the behavior
Branches of psychology
1. school psychology
2. child psychology
3. criminal psychology
4. political psychology
5. industrial psychology
6. clinical psychology
7. military psychology
Branches of sports psychology
1).Experimental Sports Psychology:
We apply research methods to conduct research on sports.
2.) Applied Sports Psychology
A) Clinical sports psychology
Clinical sports psychologists are trained specifically in psychology to treat athletes with severe emotional problems.
E.g. Depression, Suicidal tendencies.
b). Educational sports psychology:
Educational sports psychologists receive training in sport science and related fields and serve as mental coaches.
Role of sports psychology specialists:
1. Consulting role :
Consulting with individual athletes or athletic teams to develop psychological skills for enhancing performance.
E.g. improving self confidence, concentration and managing anxiety.
Providing crisis intervention services.
2. Teaching role:
Sports psychology specialists teach such courses like exercise psychology, applied sports psychology, social psychology of sports, personality psychology and developmental psychology.
3. Research role:
Spots psychologists conduct research to advance the knowledge within sports field.
E.g. what motivates children to be involved in youth sports?
Sports psychologists share their findings with colleagues and participants in the field.
Short History of Sport Psychology
Triplett's did experiment on motor performance of cyclists.
He found cyclists perform better when they competing against others than alone.
He reasoned that the presence of others aroused a competitive drive in the cyclists.
Coleman Griffith in 1925 established an athletic research laboratory at university of Illinois.
He wrote the following two text books
1. psychology of coaching (1926) and
2. psychology of athletes (1928)
The international society of sports psychology formed (issp) in 1965.
1965:first world congress of sport psychology is held Rome
1967:first annual north American society for the psychology of sport and physical activity conference is held (naspspa)
1986:the applied scholarly journal
Short history of sports psychology in India
In 1950 Govt of India included physical education as co curricular subject at primary school level.
At the same time they recognized the importance of psychological studies of sports and coaching for physical education teachers.
Following national bodies have been formed by Indian sports science professionals.
• Sports psychology association of India (1985)
• National association of physical education and sports sciences (1992)
• Sports sciences research foundation (1993).
Methods of sports psychology
Study of behavior can be carried out through the following methods.
1. Introspection.
It is a self -observation in which one perceives, analyses, and report ones own feelings
Oldest method
Advantages
1. Simple
2. Low expensive
3. No need of laboratory equipment
4. Direct knowledge of the mental experiences of the individual
Limitations
1. Children can not introspect
2. Not scientific
2. Natural observation method/ systematic observation
Studying the behavior of one individual by another individual under the most natural conditions.
a) Participant observation
b) Non-participant observation
Advantages
1. More reliable
2. More scientific
Limitations
1. Time consuming
2. Possibility of observer bias
3. The experimental method
Studying behavior under laboratory conditions is called experimental method.
e.g., how intelligence effect your academic performance
Advantages:
1. the most scientific method
2. Easily replicable
Limitations
1. can not be used always
2. subjects in an experiment may not behave as they normally would behave in natural settings
4. Differential method. a research technique in which information is gathered from athletes through the using of surveys or questionnaires and Calculation of individual differences
5, Clinical method
It is applicable to any individual who suffers from psychological problems.
This method is aimed at seeking maximum adjustment and welfare of the disturbed people.
Adequate physical check up, Case history
Clinical interview, using psychological tests, diagnosing the problem and solving the problems are done through this method.
6. Physiological method: Using physical devices for measuring of psychological experiences e.g. ., Brightness and loudness
Definition of Sports Psychology:
The science, which studies behavior of an individual in sports environment or in physical activity setting.
Most people study sport and exercise psychology with following two objectives.
1. To understand how psychological factors affect an individual physical performance.
E.g. how does anxiety affect a basket ball player’s accuracy in free throw shooting?
2. To understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person’s psychological development, health and wellbeing.
E.g. does running reduce anxiety and depression?
Sports psychologists are particularly interested in the variation that occurs in the behavior of individuals in sports contexts.
This includes variation among different individuals who are placed in the same situation as well as variation in the behavior of the same individual across different situations.
Sport and exercise psychologists seek to understand and help elite athletes, children, persons who are physically and mentally disabled, average participants.
Sports psychology is viewed as a sub discipline of sport and exercise science.
Goals of Sports Psychology:
1. Describing the behavior
2. Explaining the behavior in sports context
3. Predicting the behavior
4. Controlling the behavior
Branches of psychology
1. school psychology
2. child psychology
3. criminal psychology
4. political psychology
5. industrial psychology
6. clinical psychology
7. military psychology
Branches of sports psychology
1).Experimental Sports Psychology:
We apply research methods to conduct research on sports.
2.) Applied Sports Psychology
A) Clinical sports psychology
Clinical sports psychologists are trained specifically in psychology to treat athletes with severe emotional problems.
E.g. Depression, Suicidal tendencies.
b). Educational sports psychology:
Educational sports psychologists receive training in sport science and related fields and serve as mental coaches.
Role of sports psychology specialists:
1. Consulting role :
Consulting with individual athletes or athletic teams to develop psychological skills for enhancing performance.
E.g. improving self confidence, concentration and managing anxiety.
Providing crisis intervention services.
2. Teaching role:
Sports psychology specialists teach such courses like exercise psychology, applied sports psychology, social psychology of sports, personality psychology and developmental psychology.
3. Research role:
Spots psychologists conduct research to advance the knowledge within sports field.
E.g. what motivates children to be involved in youth sports?
Sports psychologists share their findings with colleagues and participants in the field.
Short History of Sport Psychology
Triplett's did experiment on motor performance of cyclists.
He found cyclists perform better when they competing against others than alone.
He reasoned that the presence of others aroused a competitive drive in the cyclists.
Coleman Griffith in 1925 established an athletic research laboratory at university of Illinois.
He wrote the following two text books
1. psychology of coaching (1926) and
2. psychology of athletes (1928)
The international society of sports psychology formed (issp) in 1965.
1965:first world congress of sport psychology is held Rome
1967:first annual north American society for the psychology of sport and physical activity conference is held (naspspa)
1986:the applied scholarly journal
Short history of sports psychology in India
In 1950 Govt of India included physical education as co curricular subject at primary school level.
At the same time they recognized the importance of psychological studies of sports and coaching for physical education teachers.
Following national bodies have been formed by Indian sports science professionals.
• Sports psychology association of India (1985)
• National association of physical education and sports sciences (1992)
• Sports sciences research foundation (1993).
Methods of sports psychology
Study of behavior can be carried out through the following methods.
1. Introspection.
It is a self -observation in which one perceives, analyses, and report ones own feelings
Oldest method
Advantages
1. Simple
2. Low expensive
3. No need of laboratory equipment
4. Direct knowledge of the mental experiences of the individual
Limitations
1. Children can not introspect
2. Not scientific
2. Natural observation method/ systematic observation
Studying the behavior of one individual by another individual under the most natural conditions.
a) Participant observation
b) Non-participant observation
Advantages
1. More reliable
2. More scientific
Limitations
1. Time consuming
2. Possibility of observer bias
3. The experimental method
Studying behavior under laboratory conditions is called experimental method.
e.g., how intelligence effect your academic performance
Advantages:
1. the most scientific method
2. Easily replicable
Limitations
1. can not be used always
2. subjects in an experiment may not behave as they normally would behave in natural settings
4. Differential method. a research technique in which information is gathered from athletes through the using of surveys or questionnaires and Calculation of individual differences
5, Clinical method
It is applicable to any individual who suffers from psychological problems.
This method is aimed at seeking maximum adjustment and welfare of the disturbed people.
Adequate physical check up, Case history
Clinical interview, using psychological tests, diagnosing the problem and solving the problems are done through this method.
6. Physiological method: Using physical devices for measuring of psychological experiences e.g. ., Brightness and loudness
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